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Two-year (2011—2013) field experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of straw pretreatment (comminuted or ammoniated) on soil moisture dynamics (0~100 cm depth) in the whole growth period of winter wheat, crop water consumption, water use efficiency (WUE) and precipitation use efficiency (PUE). The results showed that the changes in soil water storage (0~100 cm depth) under all experimental treatments were similar in the whole winter wheat growing period in 2 -consecutive-year. The ammoniated straw application increased soil water storage (0~100 cm depth) by 4.95% and 1.82% at the maturity stage significantly in two years respectively more than conventional straw mulching, and by 4.24% and 1.75% more than unammoniated straw application. In terms of crop water consumption, conventional straw mulching, compared with conventional straw incorporation, effectively reduced the total water consumption in the growing periods of winter wheat. In addition, the comminuted-ammoniated straw application, compared with unammoniated straw application, also observably reduced the total water consumption at the late growth stage of winter wheat, which promoted the use of irrigation and precipitation by winter wheat. Pretreatment (comminuted-ammoniated) straw application, compared with conventional straw mulching, significantly increased the grain yield of winter wheat by 9.07% and 11.42% in 2 years respectively, which improved winter wheat WUE and PUE significantly as well.