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中美花生收獲機(jī)械化技術(shù)現(xiàn)狀與發(fā)展分析
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國家自然科學(xué)基金項目(51575367)、國家重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計劃項目(2016YFD0702100)和高等學(xué)校博士學(xué)科點(diǎn)專項科研基金項目(20122103110009)


Analysis on Technology Status and Development of Peanut Harvest Mechanization of China and the United States
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    摘要:

    收獲是花生生產(chǎn)關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié),用工量占整個生產(chǎn)過程60%以上, 機(jī)械化收獲是一個國家花生生產(chǎn)水平的重要體現(xiàn),。中國和美國同是世界重要的花生生產(chǎn)與出口大國,,但因花生生產(chǎn)水平特別是收獲機(jī)械化水平差距懸殊,,從而導(dǎo)致花生出口的國際競爭力不同。美國兩段式機(jī)械化收獲方式及其先進(jìn)的花生收獲機(jī)械化技術(shù),使花生生產(chǎn)高產(chǎn)優(yōu)質(zhì)高效、國際市場競爭優(yōu)勢明顯,,而中國多種花生機(jī)械化收獲方式并存,收獲機(jī)械化水平相對較低,,從而制約了花生生產(chǎn)效益和出口競爭力,。基于大量文獻(xiàn)的系統(tǒng)分析,、中國花生生產(chǎn)實地調(diào)研以及美國花生生產(chǎn)和收獲機(jī)械化的實地考察與綜合分析,,綜述了中國和美國花生生產(chǎn)及其收獲機(jī)械化發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀,分別闡述了中國和美國最新花生起收機(jī),、撿拾收獲機(jī)等機(jī)器的類型,、總體結(jié)構(gòu)型式和主要性能參數(shù)等;分析了花生收獲機(jī)械關(guān)鍵裝置的結(jié)構(gòu)原理與特點(diǎn);綜合分析了美國花生收獲機(jī)械化發(fā)展歷程以及快速發(fā)展的主要動因,,中國花生收獲機(jī)械化發(fā)展的主要制約因素;提出了中國花生收獲機(jī)械化發(fā)展動態(tài),。對深入了解中國和美國花生收獲機(jī)械化技術(shù)現(xiàn)況及其發(fā)展歷程,,進(jìn)行中國花生收獲機(jī)械化發(fā)展總結(jié),在借鑒美國成功經(jīng)驗基礎(chǔ)上因地制宜地采取措施,,加速發(fā)展我國花生收獲機(jī)械化,,具有一定的參考價值。

    Abstract:

    Peanut is a very important crop for production and trade of edible oil in the world and in China. China is the largest peanut producer in total annual production which accounted for about 40% and the second-largest in peanut area planted accounted for about 20% in the world just followed India. However, although to be not as the large peanut producers as China, India and Nigeria, the United States, Argentina and Brazil all are the quite important peanut exporters in the world and respectively accounted for 16.03%, 23.58% and 4.72% of the world export peanut in 2016. Especially in the United States, the peanut area planted only accounted for about 2.46%, but total annual peanut production accounted for about 6.11% and export peanut accounted for 16.03% in 2016, which made the United States become the strongest peanut nation in the world. Based on comprehensively analysis, the main reason why the United States has been the strongest peanut nation is that high level harvest mechanization played an important role in peanut production. Harvesting is a key part in peanut production, it accounted for more than 60% labor employment of the whole process. China and the United States are both the important peanut production and export superpowers in the world, but the Chinese peanut production level especially harvest mechanization level is far below that of the United States, which causes peanut export international competition difference. The American two-stage mechanization harvesting pattern and peanut harvest mechanization technology lead to its peanut production with high yield, quality, efficiency and great international market competitive advantages. However, there are several peanut mechanization harvest pattern coexisted in China and of which the low harvest mechanization level restricted its peanut production benefit and export competitiveness. Based on systematic analysis about large relevant literature and practices on peanut production, the development and technology status, history and main reasons of peanut harvest mechanization of China and the United States were deeply analyzed. The structure principles and characteristics of the newest peanut harvest machine, including peanut digger, peanut combine and peanut harvester in two stages in both China and the United States were respectively introduced and contrasted. Through comprehensive studies on the natural condition, history and social surroundings of peanut production development, the main promoting factors which enhanced American peanut harvest mechanization and the main restricting factors of China were discovered, which had important significance to accurately comprehend the improvement of peanut production and harvest mechanization of the two countries. In the end, the development trend and key point for studying on Chinese peanut harvest mechanization were put forward, which had certain reference value for enhancing Chinese peanut harvest mechanization development, and taking some suitable measures to accelerate Chinese peanut harvest mechanization development.

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陳中玉,高連興,CHEN Charles, BUTTS C L.中美花生收獲機(jī)械化技術(shù)現(xiàn)狀與發(fā)展分析[J].農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械學(xué)報,2017,48(4):1-21. CHEN Zhongyu, GAO Lianxing, CHEN Charles, BUTTS C L. Analysis on Technology Status and Development of Peanut Harvest Mechanization of China and the United States[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2017,48(4):1-21.

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  • 收稿日期:2017-03-12
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  • 在線發(fā)布日期: 2017-04-10
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