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As an important energy storage technology, pumped storage power plants have both pump and turbine operating modes. In order to meet the requirements of energy collection and grid scheduling, the pump turbine operating conditions change frequently, the number of start-ups and shutdowns increases, and the instability of the unit is prominent. Due to the lack of detailed knowledge of the operating parameters such as pressure in the mechanical action of the unit, the boundary conditions are set differently from the actual operating conditions, resulting in the discrepancy between the field test and the numerical simulation and model test, especially the increase in the complexity of the unit’s characteristic parameters during the start-stop transient process. A prototype energy storage unit was tested in the field, and pressure and acceleration sensors were installed on each component of the unit to obtain pressure signals and vibration acceleration signals, and based on the experimental data collected in the field, the operating characteristics of the unit were analyzed in the start-up and shutdown processes of the turbine operating conditions. The results showed that during the hydraulic turbine start-up process, the instantaneous stability of the start-up was good, after which the pressure pulsation of the unit during the runner acceleration stage was manifested as a broadband noise, and the pressure pulsation during the runner deceleration stage was manifested as the impeller rotational frequency and its octave frequency. Under no load with fixed guide vane opening, the periodic pressure oscillations at each measurement point of the unit disappeared which accompanied by changes in the amplitude of the mixed frequency. Under the governor dynamic mode, the frequency component of the unit was dominated by the natural frequency. During the turbine shutdown process, the pressure pulsation was insensitive to the guide vane action, and the intensity of the pulsation was gradually decreased with the speed reduction. The lower frame and top cover vibrated more strongly by the mechanical action, after which they were decreased with the decrease of rotational speed. The top cover modal frequency line, which was independent of the speed change, still existed after the butterfly valve was closed.