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甘蔗機械化收獲技術(shù)與裝備研究綜述
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國家重大農(nóng)業(yè)攻關(guān)項目和財政部和農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部:國家現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系項目(CARS-14)


Technology and Equipment of Sugarcane Harvesting Mechanization Review
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    摘要:

    收獲機械化率低是影響我國甘蔗產(chǎn)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵因素之一,,適用的機收技術(shù)與裝備是推進機收發(fā)展的必要條件,。本文從收獲窗口期甘蔗的理化特性,,糖廠與農(nóng)藝對機收的技術(shù)要求,,機械化收獲的技術(shù)路線,機收分行與扶起,、切梢,、推倒、根部切割,、輸送,、切段、除雜,、集料等關(guān)鍵技術(shù)與部件以及收獲系統(tǒng)等方面進行文獻梳理,。分析了這些技術(shù)存在的問題和國內(nèi)外收獲機在我國的適用性。我國已形成了完備的科研與制造體系,,生產(chǎn)出大,、中、小型系列甘蔗收獲機,。我國甘蔗收獲機械的研制具有自上而下的研發(fā)任務(wù)和政策引導(dǎo),,以及在引進、消化吸收國外先進技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)上進行研發(fā)的特點,,甘蔗收獲機技術(shù)路線創(chuàng)新不夠,,關(guān)鍵技術(shù)原創(chuàng)性不足。國內(nèi)外現(xiàn)有機型在我國的適用性較差,,糖廠和蔗農(nóng)對機收含雜率,、損失率、根茬破頭率和蔗田碾壓的接受程度較低,。結(jié)合我國蔗糖產(chǎn)業(yè)實際情況,、甘蔗立地和農(nóng)藝技術(shù)條件,,創(chuàng)制適用機收技術(shù)與裝備:針對云南甘蔗倒伏較輕和蔗莖較脆的特點,研制扶起-立式輸送-剝?nèi)~與打捆聯(lián)合收獲技術(shù),;針對廣西,、廣東榨季多雨和甘蔗倒伏較嚴重的特點,研制以推倒-伏臥輸送割堆(捆)技術(shù)為核心的分步協(xié)同機收技術(shù),;針對農(nóng)村田塊小和窄行距的特點,,研制雙行機收技術(shù)與機具;針對大型農(nóng)場適合大,、中機具作業(yè)的特點,完善寬行距固定軌跡作業(yè)農(nóng)機農(nóng)藝融合技術(shù),。

    Abstract:

    The lower rate of mechanized harvest of sugarcane was one of the key factors which affected the sustainable development of sugarcane industry in China. Suitable harvesting technology and equipment were the necessary conditions of promoting the development of sugarcane harvesting. The physical and chemical properties of sugarcane during the harvest window, the technical requirements of sugar mills and agronomy for mechanized harvesting, the technical route of machined harvesting, the key technologies and its device of sugarcane harvester, such as dividing and lifting, topping, knocking down, base cutting, conveying, chopping, removing impurities, material collected, and harvesting systems were reviewed. The existing problems of those key technologies and the applicability of domestic and imported harvesters in China were analyzed. China had formed a complete research and manufacturing system, and large, medium and small size sugarcane harvesters have been made. The research and development of sugarcane harvesting machinery in China had two obvious characteristics, one was the topdown research and development tasks and policy guidance, the other was that it was based on the foreign advanced technology.Its technology route of sugarcane harvester and its key technologies were both not innovative enough. The existing harvesters of home made and imported had poor adaptability in China.Their impurity content, field loss rate, stubble damage rate and soil compaction of fields were less acceptable to sugar mills and sugarcane farmers. The suitable harvesting technology and equipment should be developed based on the actual situation of sugarcane industry, sugarcane site and agronomic technology situation. In Yunnan Province, sugarcane was less lodged and its variety stem was brittle, the combined harvesting technology of sugarcane vertical conveying, leaf stripping and baling should be developed. In Guangxi and Guangdong Provinces, it is rainy weather in sugarcane harvest window, and its sugarcane was usually lodged badly. A multi-steps cooperative harvesting technology with knockdown and lying conveying whole stalk harvesting and centralized impurity removal technology should be developed. According to the characteristics of small size and narrow row space in rural sugarcane field, the technology of double-row harvesting should be developed.According to the characteristics of large farm suitable for large and medium machine operation, the agronomic integration technology of wide row spacing and fixed track operation should be developed.

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劉慶庭,黃瑤,蔣姣麗,武濤.甘蔗機械化收獲技術(shù)與裝備研究綜述[J].農(nóng)業(yè)機械學(xué)報,2024,55(12):1-21. LIU Qingting, HUANG Yao, JIANG Jiaoli, WU Tao. Technology and Equipment of Sugarcane Harvesting Mechanization Review[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2024,55(12):1-21.

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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-08
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  • 在線發(fā)布日期: 2024-12-10
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