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The protective utilization and cultivation technology system for Northeast China’s black soil region primarily encompasses conservation tillage and soil fertility cultivation practices. While developing black soil agricultural production and ensuring national food security, this technology can solidify soil and improve soil properties, maintain ecosystem health and stability. It is the core technical means to promote the protection and utilization of black soil. The application coverage, technical frameworks, and implementation impacts of protective utilization and cultivation technology system for Northeast China’s black soil region were systematically reviewed. It specifically elucidated the operational mechanisms and technical characteristics of core technologies, including no/minimum tillage seeding, subsoil, straw mulching, and organic fertilizer application, while critically analyzing the developmental trajectories of existing technical paradigms and associated machinery systems. Building upon advancements and demands in black soil conservation and utilization, the key challenges in current technological and mechanization development were identified. Finally, it proposed future directions from multiple dimensions: strengthening fundamental theoretical research, overcoming critical technical bottlenecks, advancing intelligent conservation-oriented systems, enhancing agronomic-mechanization integration, and establishing regionally adaptive protective utilization and cultivation technology system frameworks. These insights aimed to inform the optimization of protective utilization and cultivation technology system for Northeast China’s black soil region.